Methods, systems, and devices for three-dimensional object generation and physical mask curing

ABSTRACT

Systems, apparatus, and methods are described for additive manufacturing or three dimensional (3D) printing of objects using a set of physical masks. An additive manufacturing device can include one or more light sources, a vessel containing a volume of print material and a transparent base through which light can enter the vessel to cure a portion of the volume of print material, and a set of masks defining a series of patterns associated with layers of a 3D object that are each positionable between the light source and the transparent base to control a pattern of the light that is received through the transparent base and therefore the pattern of the cured portion of print material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage Application of Patent ApplicationPCT/US2019/043764 filed on Jul. 26, 2019, which claims the benefit ofand priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/711,516 filedJul. 28, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/743,615filed Oct. 10, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to methods, systems, anddevices for additive manufacturing or printing of three-dimensional (3D)objects, and more specifically, to 3D printing using physical media ormasks including information regarding a 3D object along with a vesselcontaining a printing substance (e.g., a photopolymer).

BACKGROUND

Printing of 3D objects typically involves the use of a printer thatapplies thin layers of material in succession. For example, a 3D printercan include a container for holding a liquid polymer that can be curedto produce a 3D object. The printer can include a light source and acontroller that selectively controls the light source to expose theliquid polymer to light to print successive layers of the 3D object.Existing systems, however, require light sources that are dynamicallycontrollable by a compute device to form specific layers of a 3D object.Moreover, existing systems require users to adapt digital files or othersoftware to specify the print settings required for printing each 3Dobject. As such, existing systems may be costly, and require usershaving specific programming knowledge to operate and adapt such systems.It is therefore desirable to have an additive manufacturing devicecapable of being used without dynamically controllable light sources orspecifically tailored digital files and other programming to manufacturea 3D object.

SUMMARY

Systems, devices, and methods are described for additive manufacturingor 3D manufacturing of physical objects. In some embodiments, anadditive manufacturing device can include one or more light sources, avessel containing a volume of print material and a transparent basethrough which light can enter the vessel to cure a portion of the volumeof print material, and a set of masks defining a series of patternsassociated with layers of a 3D object that are each positionable betweenthe light source and the transparent base to control a pattern of thelight that is received through the transparent base and therefore thepattern of the cured portion of print material.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a light source configured toemit light; a vessel including: a chamber configured to contain a volumeof print material; and a transparent base through which light can bereceived into the chamber to cure a portion of the volume of printmaterial; and a set of masks defining a series of patterns associatedwith layers of a three-dimensional (3D) object, the set of maskspositionable between the light source and the transparent base tocontrol a pattern of the light that is received through the transparentbase and into the chamber.

In some embodiments, the light emitted by the light source can beultraviolet (UV) light, and the set of masks includes a substrate withetched areas that are transmissive to UV light and nonetched areas thatblock UV light. Alternatively or additionally, the set of masks caninclude a substrate printed with ink that defines the series of patternsand is configured to block transmission of a portion of the UV light.Alternatively or additionally, the set of masks can include a substrateincluding cutouts that define the series of patterns. The substrate canbe any suitable type of material, including, for example, a paper, apolymer, a multi-layer material, etc.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a memory; a light sourceconfigured to emit light; and a processor operatively coupled to thememory and the light source, the processor configured to: receive, viaan input device, an input from a user requesting a print of a threedimensional (3D) object; in response to receiving the input, obtaininformation associated with a mask carrier storing a set of masks forprinting the 3D object; control the mask carrier to move individualmasks from the set of masks into position between the light source and atransparent base of a vessel containing a volume of print materialaccording to a sequence based on the information associated with themask carrier; and control the light source to emit light toward theindividual masks to produce a pattern of light that can be receivedthrough the transparent base into the vessel to cure a portion of thevolume of print material, such that layers of the 3D object can beprinted onto a print bed disposed within the vessel.

In some embodiments, the processor can be further configured todetermine whether the mask carrier and the vessel have been installedprior to controlling he mask carrier and the light source to print thelayers of the 3D object. In some embodiments, the processor can befurther configured to present an error signal when the mask carrier orthe vessel have not been installed.

In some embodiments, the processor can be operatively coupled to a nearfield communication (NFC) tag reader that can read informationassociated with the mask carrier from a NFC tag located on the maskcarrier. In some embodiments, this information can include a number ofmasks in the set of masks, a height of each layer of the 3D object, alight exposure time required to form each layer of the 3D object, adistance between adjacent masks from the set of masks, or a size of eachof the set of masks.

In some embodiments, a method includes receiving, via an input device ofa printing device, an input from a user requesting a print of a threedimensional (3D) object; in response to receiving the input, obtaininginformation associated with a mask carrier storing a set of masks forprinting layers of a 3D object, each of the set of masks including apattern associated with a layer of the 3D object; for each of the set ofmasks and according to a sequence based on the information associatedwith the mask carrier: positioning that mask between a transparent baseof a vessel containing a volume of print material and a light source ofthe printing device; positioning a print bed in the vessel such that theprint bed or a layer of the 3D object previously printed on the printbed is separated by one layer height from the transparent base;emitting, via the light source, light toward that mask for apredetermined period of time such that an image associated with thepattern of that mask is transmitted through the transparent base to curea portion of the volume of print material and print a layer of the 3Dobject; and moving the print bed to separate the layer of the 3D objectfrom the transparent base.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings primarily are forillustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of theinventive subject matter described herein. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale; in some instances, various aspects of theinventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated orenlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of differentfeatures. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer tolike features (e.g., functionally similar and/or structurally similarelements).

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a light source of an additivemanufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a lens system of an additivemanufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a fluid transport mechanism of anadditive manufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosedherein.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a support structure of an additivemanufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a mask carrier of an additivemanufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 11 is a top view of a set of masks for use with an additivemanufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a mask carrier with a set of masks foruse with an additive manufacturing device, according to embodimentsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view of a vessel of an additivemanufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosed herein. FIG.13B is a closer view of a portion of the vessel of FIG. 13A.

FIGS. 14A-B are perspective views of a vessel of an additivemanufacturing device in different configurations and with outer portionsshown transparently for illustrative purposes, according to embodimentsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a mask carrier of an additivemanufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 17 are perspective views of different masks for use with anadditive manufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosedherein.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of an additive manufacturing device,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 21A is a perspective view of a mask carrier of an additivemanufacturing device for use in industrial settings, according toembodiments disclosed herein. FIG. 21B is an exploded view of theadditive manufacturing device depicted in FIG. 21A.

FIG. 22 is a top view of a mask for use with an additive manufacturingdevice, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIGS. 23A-B are images of an 3D object printed on a print bed using anadditive manufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosedherein.

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a light source of an additivemanufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 25 is an image of different light sources that can be used with anadditive manufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosedherein.

FIG. 26 includes a perspective view and more detailed views of a lightsource of an additive manufacturing device, according to embodimentsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 27 is a perspective view of a mask positioned above a light sourceof an additive manufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosedherein.

FIG. 28A is an exploded view of a light source and a frame of anadditive manufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosedherein. FIG. 28B is a perspective view of the light source depicted inFIG. 28A. FIG. 28C is a top view of a print bed including a layer of anobject printed using the light source depicted in FIG. 28A.

FIG. 29 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of operation of anadditive manufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosedherein.

FIGS. 30A-C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of operation of anadditive manufacturing device, according to embodiments disclosedherein.

FIG. 31 are views of an additive manufacturing device during a printoperation, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 32 schematically depicts an additive manufacturing device that canuse an external light source, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of an additive manufacturing device forbatch production, with outer housing portions shown transparently forillustrative purposes, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 34A-34B are cross-sectional views of additive manufacturing devicesfor batch production, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 35 depicts a flow of printing a 3D object using a set of masks,according to embodiments disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Systems, devices, and methods are described herein for additivemanufacturing or printing of 3D objects. In some embodiments, systems,devices, and methods relate to additive manufacturing or 3D printingusing a vessel, which contains one or more components for printing a 3Dobject, a physical mask or media, and one or more light sources. In someembodiments, the vessel can contain a volume of a print material (e.g.,a photopolymer), a print bed, a build arm, and a cleaning agent (e.g., acarbonated or non-carbonated cleaning fluid, such as, for example,alcohol), each contained in one or more chambers of the vessel. In someembodiments, the light source can be a non-dynamic light source such asa light emitting diode.

Additive manufacturing or 3D manufacturing devices and methods may usecomputer-controlled light engines to dynamically direct light at aphotopolymer. For example, light from the light engine can bedynamically controlled and emitted at a vessel containing a photopolymerto form a part of a 3D object. Objects manufactured using a 3Dmanufacturing device are typically cleaned and cured after printing.Existing methods of manufacturing a 3D object, however, treat cleaningand curing as post-processing steps that are separate from the printingfunction of an additive manufacturing device.

The additive manufacturing systems and methods described herein provideseveral advantages over existing 3D printing methods, including lowermanufacturing costs, e.g., because such systems and methods do notrequire the use of a dynamic light source, such as a laser or digitallight processing (DLP) projector. Without requiring a dynamic lightsource, systems and methods described herein can reduce powerconsumption and/or make use of commercially available portable powersources (e.g., batteries). Systems and methods disclosed herein also usephysical media for storing input data (e.g., models or patternsassociated with printed objects), which can be easier to produce and/ormore secure than a digital file. Additionally, physical media used withsystems and methods described herein can include information on multipleprint settings, as opposed to a digital file that describes a geometryto be printed but not any information on how a print or manufacturingprocess can be executed, e.g., including print settings such asorientation during printing, layer height (e.g., thickness of a singlelayer of the object being printed in a vertical direction), and/or curetime. Use of a physical media as described herein can also lower anamount of knowledge required of an operator of a 3D manufacturingdevice, e.g., by not requiring users to interact with software and/orcomputers or specify settings associated with manufacturing an object.

The disclosure herein relates to a process for manufacturing objects ina layer-by-layer fashion without need for a computer-controlled (orcomputer-provided) input during the manufacturing process. For example,the process can use physical media implemented as a set of physicalmasks to form a series of patterns, as opposed to a digital file thatdescribes the design of an object and is used by a compute device todynamically control a light emitting device to print the object.Additionally, such a process can build 3D objects in a layer-by-layerfashion by curing or solidifying a photopolymer without a digital inputfile for an object.

In some embodiments, systems and devices disclosed herein can include a3D printer, a physical media device (e.g., a physical mask storagedevice (PMSD)), and a vessel (e.g., a print ready vessel (PRV)) thatcontains a volume of a print material (e.g., a photopolymer such asresin). In addition to these three components, such systems and devicescan include one or more of: a build plate (e.g., a print bed or surfaceupon which the object will be printed) that can be held parallel to abottom surface of the vessel, an information tag (e.g., near fieldcommunications tag) disposed or contained within the build plate oranother component, a build arm attached to a print bed and attached to aprinter once installed, and/or a volume of cleaning fluid (e.g.,alcohol) such that a printed object can be submerged or washed in thecleaning fluid once printing has completed. Optionally, the vessel canbe sealed such that the print material is contained in a sealed chamberuntil the printing process begins and/or throughout a portion of or anentirety of a printing process. In some embodiments, the cleaning fluidcan be stored in a contained fashion (e.g., in a sealed or closed offchamber) separate from the print material until printing is completed,at which point the cleaning fluid can be released to wash the printedobject.

Systems and devices set forth herein can have particular applications inonsite production of parts or objects, e.g., in aid, industrial,military or consumer applications, where access to skilled operators,computers, the internet, or other resources may not be available butreliability and repeatability are important. The disclosed systems anddevices can also have applicability in Science, Technology, Engineering,the Arts and Mathematics (STEAM) applications and other educationalapplications, including educational programs in areas where internetaccess or reliable power supply may not be available.

In some embodiments, processes described herein for additivemanufacturing uses physical input media to produce an object as opposedto a digital file that describes the design of an object and usescomputer control to digitally manipulate light based on the digitalfile. Accordingly, processes described herein allow for high resolutionadditive manufacturing without a computer for controlling a dynamiclight source and digital data.

In some embodiments, processes described herein can enablecommercialization of scalable, low cost, low power, high resolutionprinters. These processes can be different from currently availableprocesses that use a dynamic light controller in the fabrication ofobjects. The processes also do not require static transfer of materialsand components during a printing process. In some embodiments, a processreferred to as the Physical Mask Curing (PMC) process uses an opticallight source to project images onto a photopolymer to create a 3Dobject. In some embodiments, the projected light can be light in the UVrange, and physical media (e.g., physical masks) including carbon (e.g.,in black ink and toner) printed on paper and polymer substrates can beused to selectively block UV light. In other embodiments, physical mediacan also be created with other materials and fabrication methods, suchas, for example, laser cutting cardboard, hand drawing on paper, etc.

Certain processes for additive manufacturing of photopolymer materialsuse a digital light controller and/or a dynamic light source. Thedigital dynamic light source can emit light at a photopolymer to curespecific portions of the photopolymer. Examples of dynamic light sourcesused in the additive manufacturing field include laser galvanometersystems and digital light projection (DLP) systems. Typically, dynamiclight sources are a high cost component of an additive manufacturingdevice. Accordingly, since processes and devices described herein do notrequire the use of a dynamic light source, such processes and devicescan reduce costs. For example, processes and devices described hereincan operate without a dynamic light source by utilizing a physical mediamasking system or PMC process. The PMC process allows a dynamic lightsource to be replaced with a non-dynamic light source, e.g., an opticallight source such as a light emitting diode (LED) array, which can besignificantly lower in cost when compared to a dynamic light source.Additionally or alternatively, processes or devices described herein canbe used without software and/or digital data for setting the parametersof an object being printed, and therefore can reduce complexity of userinvolvement in a printing process. For example, a user operating systemsand devices described herein is not required to set the orientation ofan object being printed as such information can be set when a physicalmask associated with the object is produced and stored on that physicalmask or a physical mask carrier. As another example, the user is notrequired to manipulate support structures (e.g., a print bed) whileprinting an object because such information can also be set by amanufacturer of the physical mask and stored on that physical mask or aphysical mask carrier. These and other advantages increase usability ofsystems and devices disclosed herein, and can enable users not skilledin the additive manufacturing process and those that do not have accessto resources on additive manufacturing to use and adapt such systems anddevices to print objects.

In addition to cost advantages, the advantages of using physical masksinclude increased printing resolution (e.g., ability to resolvedetails). For example, in a laser-based dynamic light source system, thedot size of the beam is usually around 0.14 mm. DLP systems, anotherexample of a dynamic light source system, usually operate around a 0.05mm pixel pitch. The PMC process and systems described herein can achieveresolutions greater than or equal to 0.01 mm. In the PMC process, scaleand resolution are independent of the light source and/or build area, asopposed to DLP where the larger the projected build area, the lower theresolution. The PMC process and system can achieve this greaterresolution because the masking aspect of a digitally controlled dynamiclight source can be replaced with a physical mask, which can be producedby 2D printing systems having high resolution (e.g., 48000 dpi). Byharnessing the resolution of 2D printing systems, low cost physicalmasks can be produced, e.g., by using such 2D systems to print patternson paper or plastic substrates. Such enables PMC printers to have largebuild areas (e.g., printable volumes) without sacrificing resolution.

Table 1 below depicts example metrics of comparison between the PMCprocess and systems described herein and existing technologies includingstereolithography (SLA) and DLP.

TABLE 1 Technology PMC SLA FDM Dimensions Any size Medium Large BuildVolume Any volume Small-Large Small-Extra large Max Z Resolution 20 μm20 μm 100 μm Max XY Resolution  8 μm 140 μm avg. 100 μm avg. SoftwareNot required Required Required Filetype Analogue .STL or .OBJ .STL or.OBJ

FIG. 1 schematically depicts an additive manufacturing device 100 (e.g.,a 3D printer). The manufacturing device 100 can include or be used withone or more mask(s) 101. The mask(s) 101 can optionally be stored in amask carrier 130. The mask carrier 130 can be configured to support themask(s) 101 (e.g., in position between light source(s) 102 and a vessel103) and/or move the mask(s) 101 (e.g., according to a predefinedsequence for printing a 3D object). The mask carrier 130 can include,for example, a reel that stores the mask(s) 101 and advances the mask(s)101 such that they can be exchanged before or during a printing process.The mask(s) 101 can be manually advanced by a user, e.g., by rotatingthe reel. Alternatively or additionally, the mask(s) 101 can be advancedautomatically by a compute device (e.g., an on-board processor such ascontroller 160).

In some embodiments, the mask(s) 101 can include a substrate thatincludes light transmissive and non-transmissive portions. For example,a mask 101 can include a substrate such as a thin paper or polymer thatis light transmissive, and portions of that paper or polymer can beprinted with a dark ink (e.g., a black ink) to make those portionsnon-transmissive. Alternatively, a mask 101 can include a more rigidsubstrate (e.g., a cardboard, a wood, a polymer, a glass, etc.) andportions of the rigid substrate can be etched, cut out, etc. to formtransmissive and/or non-transmissive portions. The transmissive andnon-transmissive portions of the mask(s) 101 can define patterns thatare associated with individual layers of a 3D object. For example, eachmask 101 from a set of masks 101 can be associated with a differentlayer of a 3D object, and collectively the set of masks 101 can be usedto print the 3D object by controlling the light that can pass from thelight source(s) 102 to a vessel 103, as further described below.

The manufacturing device 100 can include one or more light source(s)102. The light source(s) 102 can be configured to emit light for curinga print material 120 stored in a vessel 103, as further detailed below.In some embodiments, the light source(s) 102 can be light emittingdiode(s) (LED(s)). In some embodiments, the light source(s) 102 can beconfigured to emit ultraviolet (UV) light that is designed to cure theprint material 120. In some embodiments, the light source(s) 102 caninclude an external light source, such as, for example, a solar lightsource, an external light bulb, etc.

The manufacturing device 100 can include a vessel 103 that includes oneor more chambers. The one or more chambers can store one or more printmaterial(s) 120 (e.g., different types of print material and/ordifferent colors of print material). The print material(s) 120 can be,for example, a photopolymer. Optionally, the one or more chambers canstore a cleaning fluid (e.g., alcohol) that can be used to clean aprinted 3D object. The vessel 103 can optionally include a fluidtransport mechanism 140 that transports fluid (e.g., a print material ora cleaning agent) in and/or out of a chamber of the vessel 103. Forexample, the fluid transport mechanism 140 can be used to deliver aprint material 120 into a chamber for curing (e.g., via light from lightsource(s) 102) and/or remove excess print material 120 from the chamberafter the curing. Additionally or alternatively, the fluid transportmechanism 140 can deliver a cleaning agent into a chamber after anobject has been printed, e.g., to clean the object. The fluid transportmechanism 140 can include one or more channels, valves, and/or othercomponents for enabling controlled transport of fluids (e.g., a liquidor air).

The vessel 103 can include a surface suitable for curing the printmaterial 120. The surface can be implemented as a base 104 that isformed of a transparent material or light transmissive material.Examples of suitable materials include fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) and polypropylene (PP). In some embodiments, the base 104 can be amembrane that is stretched taut across a housing of the vessel 103. Forexample, the vessel 103 can include a rigid housing defining a space(e.g., a lumen, a chamber) for containing the print material 120 and abottom opening, and the membrane forming the base 104 can be stretchedacross this opening to provide a light transmissive surface forreceiving light into the space. The vessel 103 can include and or beconfigured to receive a print bed 105 (e.g., build plate) that providesan area onto which layers of print material 120 can be printed or cured.The print bed 105 can be positioned such that it extends parallel to thebase 104 of the vessel 103. During printing, the location of the printbed 105 can be adjusted to different heights as each layer of an objectis printed, e.g., the print bed 105 can initially be one layer heightspaced from the base 104 when a first layer of the object is beingprinted and then be raised as additional layers of the object are beingprinted. The print bed 105 and the base 104 can be designed such that aprinted object adheres with greater force to the print bed 105 than thebase 104 during a printing process. As such, the print bed 105 can beraised during the printing to separate layers of the printed object fromthe base 104 to allow additional print material 120 to flow into thespace between the print bed 105 and the base 104 for subsequent curingof additional layers of the object. In some embodiments, a coating(e.g., a hydrophobic material) can be applied to the base 104 thatreduces adherence of the cured print material 120 to the base 104.

The print bed 105 can be coupled to a build arm 106, which in turn canbe coupled to a support structure 110. The build arm 106 can beconfigured to move the print bed 105 during operation. For example, thebuild arm 106 can be configured to move the print bed 105 during a printsequence to raise the print bed 105 to different heights for printingthe layers of an object and/or for separating layers of the object fromthe base 104. As another example, the build arm 106 can be can beconfigured to move the print bed 105 to submerge a printed object in acleaning agent after a print process. Movement of the build arm 106 canbe controlled by a compute device (e.g., an on-board processor such ascontroller 160) or manually adjusted by a user. When controlled by acompute device, the compute device can use information obtainedregarding the object being printed and/or the mask(s) 101 associatedwith that object to determine which heights to set the print bed 105 to,e.g., for curing each layer of the object. In some embodiments, thecompute device can obtain this information, for example, from aninformation tag (e.g., NFC tag) located on the mask(s) 101, mask carrier130, vessel 130, and/or other suitable component of the device 100. Forexample, the compute device can be operatively coupled to one or moresensors (e.g., a NFC tag reader) located on the manufacturing device100, and can use those sensors to capture information regarding theobject and its associated mask(s) 101.

In some embodiments, the manufacturing device 100 can include a supportstructure 110, such as, for example, a body or frame. The supportstructure 110 can support the light source(s) 102, mask carrier 130,mask(s) 101, and vessel 103 in operative positions relative to oneanother, e.g., such that an object can be printed using such components.In some embodiments, the vessel 103 and/or mask carrier 130 (or othercomponents of the manufacturing device 100) can be designed to beselectively coupleable (e.g., attachable and removable) from themanufacturing device 100. For example, the vessel 103 and/or maskcarrier 130 can be coupled to the support structure 110 (e.g., receivedwithin slots and/or openings in the support structure 110) prior to aprinting process, and then removed after the printing process andoptionally discarded. In some embodiments, the vessel 103 can beimplemented as a disposable vessel (e.g., a PRV) that includes asufficient volume of print material 120 for printing an object, theprint bed 105, and the build arm 106, as further described below withreference to FIGS. 13A-14B. In some embodiments, the vessel 103 can forma sealed chamber for storing the print material 120 prior to printing,which can be unsealed and/or remain sealed during a printing process.

The manufacturing device 100 can optionally include an image adjustmentmechanism 108 that is configured to adjust images produced using themask(s) 101 and light source(s) 102. More specifically, the lightsource(s) 102 can be configured to emit light toward a mask 101 thatincludes light transmissive and non-transmissive portions. Thesetransmissive and non-transmissive portions of the mask 101 can define apattern that is associated with one or more layer(s) of an object beingprinted. In some embodiments, additional mask(s) 101 can be exchangedfor an initial mask 101 to define additional layers of the object beingprinted. Based on the pattern or transmissive and non-transmissiveportions of the mask 101, the light being directed at the mask 101 canproduce an image beyond the mask 101. This image can be received by animage adjustment mechanism 108, which can modify the image prior to thatimage being received through the base 104 and into the vessel 103 forcuring a layer of the object. The image adjustment mechanism 108 caninclude, for example, one or more lenses and one or more mechanicaland/or electrical components for moving the lenses relative to themask(s) 101 and light source(s) 102. In some embodiments, the lenses canbe used to increase or decrease a size of an image produced by the lightsource(s) 102 and mask(s) 101.

In some embodiments, when the components of the manufacturing device 100are assembled, the mask(s) 101 can be positioned between the lightsource(s) 120 and the vessel 103. In embodiments including an imageadjustment mechanism 108, the image adjustment mechanism 108 can bepositioned between the mask(s) 101 and the base 104. Such arrangementsare further described with reference to other figures described below.

The manufacturing device 110 can include a controller 160, e.g., anon-board processor or compute device and memory. The controller 160 cancontrol the operation of one or more components of the manufacturingdevice 110. For example, the controller 160 can control the lightsource(s) 102 to emit light during specific time periods of a printprocess. In embodiments including a mask carrier 130 with a reel ofmask(s) 101, the controller 160 can control the operation of the maskcarrier 130 to advance individual mask(s) 101 such that the mask(s) 101can be exchanged for one another during a print process. In embodimentsincluding an image adjustment mechanism 108, the controller 160 cancontrol a position and/or orientation of one or more components of theimage adjustment mechanism 108 (e.g., lenses). In some embodiments, thecontroller 160 can control the movement of the build arm 106 and printbed 105 during a printing and/or cleaning process.

In some embodiments, the controller 160 can be configured to receiveuser inputs (e.g., via user interface 150) and control the operation ofthe manufacturing device 100 based on such inputs. For example, thecontroller 160 can receive an input from a user requesting a print of a3D object, and in response to that input, control one or more of thebuild arm 106, print bed 105, image adjustment mechanism 108, maskcarrier 130, mask(s) 101, or light source(s) 102 to print the 3D objectand/or clean the 3D object after printing. The controller 160 can be anysuitable type of processing device, including, for example, a generalpurpose processor, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), anApplication Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital SignalProcessor (DSP), a microprocessor, and/or the like. The controller 160can be operatively coupled to each component of the manufacturing device100 that it is configured to communicate with (e.g., receive and/or senddata) and/or control.

In some embodiments, the controller 160 can be operatively coupled toone or more sensors coupled to and/or integrated into the manufacturingdevice 100. The one or more sensors can include, for example, imagecapture devices (e.g., cameras), light sensors, position sensors, forcesensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, motion sensors, sounddetectors, etc. The controller 160 can receive information form the oneor more sensors and use that information to confirm installation and/orproper positioning of one or more components of the manufacturing device100 (e.g., the vessel 103, the mask carrier 130, the mask(s) 101) and/orto confirm proper operation of the manufacturing device 100. In someembodiments, the controller 160 can be configured to present alerts(e.g., error signals) or other information to a user, e.g., via userinterface 150, based on information collected by the one or moresensors.

User interface 150 can include one or more components that areconfigured to receive inputs and send outputs to other devices and/or auser operating the manufacturing device 100. For example, user interface150 can include a display device (e.g., a display, a touch screen,etc.), an audio device (e.g., a microphone, a speaker), or other devicesconfigured for receiving an input and/or generating an output to a user.

FIG. 2 schematically depicts an additive manufacturing device 200 (e.g.,a 3D printing device), according to embodiments described herein. Theadditive manufacturing device 200 can include components that arestructurally and/or functionally similar to other additive manufacturingdevices described herein (e.g., additive manufacturing device 100). Themanufacturing device 200 can include a light source 202, a mask 201, animage adjustment mechanism 208, a vessel 203 including a base 204 and anarea 207 including a volume of photopolymer (e.g., a print material), aprint bed 205, and a build arm 206.

The mask 201 can optionally be exchanged with other masks, e.g., via areel or other suitable device, as represented by arrow 209. The mask 201can include a pattern or image that is associated with a 2D slice of anegative of a 3D object. Each slice can represent the geometry of the 3Dobject at a particular increments of height. For example, a first slicecan represent a bottom of the object as viewed from above. The secondslice can represent the geometry of the object one layer height higherthan the first slice, and so on until the last slice, which canrepresent the top of the object. Examples of images that can be printedon the mask 201 (and other masks described herein) are depicted in FIGS.11 and 17 .

The light source 202 can include one or more LEDs or another suitablelight source (e.g., a light bulb). The light source 202 can be anon-dynamic light source. In some embodiments, the light source 202 canbe configured to emit UV light (e.g., light with a wavelength within theUV spectrum, e.g., below 420 nm) or other light suitable for curing theprint material contained within the area 207 of the vessel 203. In someembodiments, the angle of emission 222 can be low to increase an amountof light that hits the mask 201 at a perpendicular angle. As shown inFIG. 3 , the light source 202 can emit light 224 with an angle ofemission 222 that is generally perpendicular (e.g., at a 90 degreeangle±10%) to a top surface of the light source 202. Stated differently,the light source 202 can be configured to emit light at an angle ofabout 90 degrees (e.g., 90 degrees±10%), and desirably at 90 degrees,with respect to a surface of a particular light emission unit (e.g.,LED).

The vessel 203 containing the volume of photopolymer can be positionedabove the mask 201. The base 204 of the vessel 203 can be formed of anoptically clear or light transmissive material that enables lightemitted by the light source 202 to enter the area 208 of the vessel 203containing the photopolymer, such that a portion of the photopolymer canbe cured against an inner surface of the base 204. In some embodiments,the base 204 can be formed of FEP or a similar material. The materialcan be designed to allow for separation of a cured area or portion ofphotopolymer form the base 204 with a low force.

The print bed 205 is configured to provide a flat surface onto whichlayers of an object can be printed. During printing, a portion of thephotopolymer between the print bed 205 and the base 204 of the vesselcan be cured, and be forced upon the bottom surface of the print bed 205with a greater force than to the base 204 of the vessel 203.Accordingly, when the print bed 205 is raised away from the base 204,the cured photopolymer can separate from the base 205. Subsequent curingof additional layers of photopolymer can be achieved by re-positioningthe print bed 205 relative to the base 204 at incremental layer heights,such that additional volumes of photopolymer can enter into the spacebetween the print bed 205 and the base 204 to be cured.

The build arm 206 can be coupled to the print bed 205, and be used tomove the print bed 205 vertically (e.g., away from and toward the base204 in a orthogonal direction) during a printing process. The imageadjustment mechanism 208 can include one or more lenses, which can beused to scale an image projected by the light 202 and mask 201.

In operation (e.g., to manufacture a particular 3D object using the PMCprocess), the print bed 205 can be lowered into a bottom portion of thevessel 203 such that a bottom surface of the print bed 205 is one-layerheight away from the base 204 of the vessel 203. Such lowering can beaccomplished via an on-board processor (e.g., controller 160) of themanufacturing device 200. The print bed 205 can be attached to the buildarm 206, which in turn can be attached to another portion of themanufacturing device 200 (e.g., a support structure, such as, forexample, support structure 110), which can facilitate movement of theprint bed 205 and build arm 206. The light source 202 can then beactivated such that it emits light though the transmissive portions ofthe mask 201 and subsequently through the base 204 of the vessel 203 andinto contact with a portion of the photopolymer within, according to animage or pattern printed on the mask 201. Optionally, an imageadjustment mechanism 208, such as a lens or similar apparatus, can beplaced between the mask 201 and the base 204 of the vessel 203. In someembodiments, the lens can be mounted to a lens mount such that the lenscan be moved in one or more directions (e.g., up and down, about anaxis, etc.), allowing for scaling or optical modification of the imagesand ultimately the object being printed. Based on the pattern formed bythe light that is transmitted through the mask 201 (and the light thatis blocked by the non-transmissive portions of the mask 201), a layer ofthe object can be cured and printed on the print bed 205. The print bed205 with the cured layer of photopolymer is then raised while separatingfrom the base 204 of the vessel 203. Once separated, the print bed 205can be lowered into the vessel 203 again such that a bottom surface ofthe print bed 205 is two-layer heights above the base 204 of the vessel203. Optionally, the mask 201 can be exchanged, depending on thespecific requirements of the additive manufacturing process for theparticular object. In an embodiment, the exchange of the mask caninvolve rolling a reel of masks forward until the next mask is alignedwith the light source 202, according to the direction shown with arrow 9in FIG. 2 . This process of curing a layer of photopolymer, separatingthe print bed 205 from the base 204 of the vessel 203, and then movingthe print bed 205 back into position can repeat layer-by-layer until theobject has been manufactured.

FIG. 4 schematically depicts another example additive manufacturingdevice 300, e.g., that can be used with the PMC printing processesdescribed herein. The manufacturing device 300 can include componentsthat are structurally and/or functionally similar to other manufacturingdevices described herein (e.g., manufacturing devices 100, 200). Themanufacturing device 300 can include a light source 302, a physical mask301, an image adjustment mechanism 308, a base 304, and a vessel 303.

The image adjustment mechanism 308 can include one or more lenses, whichcan be movable in a direction represented by an arrow 319 between thebase 204 of the vessel 203 and a top surface of the light source 302.Similar to that described above with reference to the devices 100 and200 depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 , movement of the lenses can enablescaling or other optical modifications of the images produced by thelight emitted by the light source 302 through the mask 301.

FIG. 5 schematically depicts another example additive manufacturingdevice 400, e.g., that can be used with the PMC printing processesdescribed herein. The manufacturing device 400 can include componentsthat are structurally and/or functionally similar to other manufacturingdevices described herein (e.g., manufacturing devices 100, 200, 300).The manufacturing device 400 can include a light source 402, a physicalmask 401, an image adjustment mechanism including components 408 a, 408b, a base 404, and a vessel 403.

The image adjustment mechanism can include a central rotary axel 408 aand a mounting plate 408 b including a plurality of lenses. FIG. 6provides a more detailed view of an example image adjustment mechanism508 including a rotary axel 508 a, a mounting plate 508 b, and aplurality of lenses 508 c. The plurality of lenses 508 c can includedifferent lenses, e.g., with different focal lengths, sharpness, etc.The mounting plate 508 b can be rotated to position different ones ofthe plurality of lenses 508 c between a mask (e.g., mask 401) and avessel (e.g., vessel 403), depending on the specific requirements of aprint.

While FIGS. 4 and 5 depict different image adjustment mechanisms 308,408 that are movable in different ways, it can be appreciated that imageadjustment mechanisms used with the additive manufacturing devicesdescribed herein can implement one or both types of movements, as wellas additional movements not specifically depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5 .

FIG. 7 schematically depicts an example of a fluid transport mechanism640 that can be used with the additive manufacturing devices describedherein (e.g., manufacturing devices 100, 200, 300). The fluid transportmechanism 640 can include a container for delivering fluids into aprinting chamber (e.g., a chamber of vessel 103, 203, 303). Thecontainer can have an internal hollow section 644 (e.g., a lumen orchannel) including two orifices 641, 642, but it can be appreciated thatany number of internal hollows and associated orifices can be employed.In some embodiments, the hollow 644 can be lined with materials that arehydrophobic or can be absorbed in or dissolved by a fluid flowingthrough the hollow. The container can include a connector 643 thatallows for the connection of a pipe or similar apparatus on the outsideof the container. The first orifice 642 can be located at or near theconnector 643, and the second orifice 641 can be located on an inside ofthe container (e.g., at or near the chamber of the vessel). The internalhollow section 644 can be used for inflow or outflow of fluids. In anembodiment, a syringe or other fluid source can be attached to the firstorifice 642 via a pipe or tubing that connects to the connector 643, butany appreciable mechanism can be used to supply or withdraw fluid intoor from the fluid transport mechanism 640 (e.g., pumping, vacuum, etc.).

FIG. 8 provides a perspective view of an example additive manufacturingdevice 700, according to embodiments described herein. The manufacturingdevice 700 can include components that are structurally and/orfunctionally similar to other manufacturing devices described herein(e.g., manufacturing devices 100, 200, 300, 400). The manufacturingdevice 700 includes, for example, a light source 702, a mask carrier730, a vessel 703, and a support structure 710.

The vessel 703 can be a PRV or ready-to-print vessel, e.g., a vesselthat is pre-loaded with sufficient photopolymer (e.g., print material)and components for printing one or more 3D objects. The mask carrier 730can be a PSMD, e.g., a device that contains a set of physical masks. Insome embodiments, the mask carrier 730 can be designed to contain asingle mask and can be referred to as a Single Physical Mask StorageDevice (SPMSD).

The support structure 710 can represent a reusable portion of theadditive manufacturing device 700 and be referred to as the printer. Thesupport structure 710 can include a housing that supports a plurality ofmechanical components (e.g., motors, linear tracks, etc.), the lightsource 702, and one or more sensory components (e.g., sensors). Thesupport structure 710 can be configured to removably receive the vessel703 and the mask carrier 730. As depicted in FIG. 9 , with the vessel703 and mask carrier 730 removed for illustration purposes, the supportstructure 710 includes an orifice 748 (e.g., opening or recess) that canreceive a portion of the vessel 703 (e.g., a PRV) and an orifice 747(e.g., a slot) that can receive a portion of the mask carrier 730 (e.g.,a PSMD or SPMSD). Optionally, the support structure 710 can include asensor or reader (e.g., NFC reader or similar apparatus) that canidentify the mask carrier 730 that is inserted into the supportstructure 710, e.g., via reading an identification tag (e.g., a NFCtag).

In some embodiments, the manufacturing device 700 can be configured torotate a reel of physical masks, e.g., along axels 746, such thatdifferent masks can be positioned in an orifice 749 aligned with anopening of the mask carrier 730, as further described with reference toFIGS. 10-12 . As described above, each mask can include lighttransmissive and non-transmissive portions that define a patternassociated with a slice of a 3D object. The manufacturing device 700 cancontain a sensory element (e.g., a sensor) that can interact withcomponents of the masks or mask carrier 730, allowing the device 700 todetermine whether a current mask is aligned with the light source 702and/or an identity or other settings associated with the current mask.

The light source 702 can include one or more LEDs that have a wavelengthwithin a UV spectrum. The light source 702 can be a non-dynamic lightsource, such that the manufacturing device 700 in operation consumesless power as compared to conventional dynamic light source systems(e.g., DLP and laser-based systems). The light source 702 can bepositioned in alignment with the window of the mask carrier 730. Duringprinting, a layer of photopolymer contained within the vessel 703 isexposed and cured by activating the light source 702, such that thelight source 702 produces light, some of which passes through thetransmissive portions of a particular mask and some of which is blockedby the non-transmissive portions of the particular mask. The light whichdoes pass through the particular mask then passes through the base ofthe vessel 703 and subsequently solidifies the photopolymer (e.g.,resin) that it strikes.

Optionally, the manufacturing device 700 can contain an image adjustmentmechanism implemented as a lens or a plurality or lenses 708, which canbe adjusted vertically between a bottom of the vessel 703 and a topsurface of the light source 702 or adjusted in a rotatory fashion.

For moving a print bed (disposed within the vessel 703, not depicted)and a build arm 706, the 3D printer can include one or more tracks orlinear guides 712, 714. The build arm 706 can be movable along thetracks 712, 714, with one end of the build arm 706 being attached to astructure of the tracks 712, 714 and another end of the build arm 706being coupleable (e.g., via a feature 706 a) to a portion of the vessel703 that is attached to the print bed. In some embodiments, the movementof the components of the tracks 712, 714 and/or build arm 706 can bemotorised and controlled electronically (e.g., using a processor such asthat of controller 160).

In some embodiments, the manufacturing device 700 can operate from aportable power source (e.g., a battery), e.g., since the device 700 doesnot require a dynamic light source. This increases the applicability ofthe device 700 in locations without access to a stationary power source,e.g., such as in in field service and aid applications.

FIGS. 10-12 provide more detailed views of the mask carrier 730, whichcan store one or more masks 701. FIG. 11 depicts example physical mediaor mask(s) 731 that can be used with the mask carrier 730. The mask(s)701 include a two-dimensional images that can be used to create a 3Dobject. As depicted in FIG. 11 , the mask includes a triangulartransmissive section 751, which can produce a triangular prism whenprinted layer after layer. The mask also includes a square section 753,which can produce a rectangular prism or cube when printed depending onthe number of layers cured. The shaded area in the mask(s) 701represents a non-light transmissive portion that can block light (e.g.,UV light), while the sections 751, 753 can enable transmission of light.Optionally, the mask(s) 701 can include sensory components 752, 754,which can be used to sense a position of the mask and/or identify aparticular mask. While sensory components 752, 754 are depicted, it canbe appreciated that additional methods of determining a location and/oridentity of a mask can be used. For example, markings or printedpatterns in the non-transmissive portions can be used to identify alocation and/or identity of a mask. In some embodiments, themanufacturing device 700 can also include image capture devices (e.g.,cameras) or other suitable sensors that can detect a position and/oridentify a particular mask.

FIG. 10 depicts the mask carrier 730 without a reel of masks (e.g.,plurality of masks) installed. FIG. 12 depicts the mask carrier 730 withthe reel of masks installed. As noted above, the mask carrier 730 withthe mask(s) 701 installed can be a PMSD. The PMSD enables a 3D object tobe manufacturing without requiring advanced computer-controlled systemsthat dynamically control light sources to direct light at specificportions of a build area, thereby reducing device complexity inoperation and manufacturing.

The mask carrier can include a housing 731 that contains a reel ofimages or mask(s) 701 printed on a light transmissive material (e.g., UVtransmissive material). In an embodiment, the ink or other non-lighttransmissive material printed (or one or more of any set of materialsfor blocking light transmission) on the mask(s) 701 can block light(e.g., UV light) to define the 2D geometric information of a 3D objectassociated with that particular reel. Alternatively or additionally,other methods can also be used to create a mask, such as, for example,etching or adhering non-light transmissive materials onto a lighttransmissive substrate, or laser cutting sheet materials that arenon-light transmissive such that the cut-out portions are lighttransmissive and any remaining portion of the materials form thenon-light transmissive portion of the mask(s) 701. To provide a specificexample, a photopolymer can be cured onto a UV transmissive substrate toblock light in the areas of cured photopolymer. Any suitable material orfeature for blocking light in desired areas and allowing lighttransmission in the relevant wavelength of light through other areas ofa physical medium can be used. The combination of light transmissivesubstrate (or cut-outs) with a non-UV transmissive material can be usedto generate a mask, such as mask(s) 701. The mask carrier 730 caninclude portions that are shaped and/or insertable into receivingportions and/or elements of the support structure or housing 710 ofmanufacturing device (e.g., through an orifice 747). The mask carrier730 can have openings 736, 737 on both sides that exposes a portion ofthe reel between the rolled ends 758, 759, and can be aligned with boththe light source 702 and the vessel 703 when installed in the additivemanufacturing device 700. Optionally, as noted above, the additivemanufacturing device 700 can include a lens 708, which can be positionedon an upper side of the first orifice 737, e.g., above the exposedportion of the reel. The mask carrier can optionally include a tag(e.g., NFC tag) or other identification mechanism 738 (e.g., on itshousing) that is readable by one or more sensors of the additivemanufacturing device 700 and/or user. The tag or other identificationmechanism 738 can store information about the mask carrier 730 and/ormask(s) 701, such as, for example, layer heights of the print, exposuretime of the photopolymer (e.g., resin), distance between masks, or sizeof masks.

The housing 731 can be inserted into the support structure 710 of theadditive manufacturing device 700. The housing 731 can containsubcomponent axel(s) 732, 734 upon which the reel of mask(s) 701 can berolled and/or stored. These subcomponent axel(s) 732, 734 can be aninjection moulded component and/or separately constructed components.The subcomponent axel(s) 732, 734 incorporate mechanical features toenable axle(s) 733, 735 to be driven, e.g., manually or by an electricmotor (e.g., controlled by a controller 160) in any suitable manner. Inoperation, the mask(s) 701 are exchanged as an object is being printed.The light source 702 can shine light through a mask 701, where the mask701 blocks light in the desired areas. The light that makes it throughthe mask 701 can pass through the bottom of the vessel 703 (e.g., amembrane or transparent base) and strikes a photopolymer contained inthe vessel 703. As the object is printed, the build arm 706 is raisedand the light passing through the mask(s) 701 (and subsequentlyexchanged mask(s) 701) strikes the current layer of photopolymer of theobject being printed.

FIGS. 13A, 13B, 14A, and 14B depict different views of a vessel 800.FIG. 13A depicts a cross-sectional view of the vessel 800, with FIG. 13Bdepicting a detailed view of a region A shown in FIG. 13A. FIGS. 14A and14B show the vessel 800 with a build arm 806 in two differentconfigurations, as further described below. The vessel 800 can be aprint-ready vessel or PRV, as described herein. The vessel 800 caninclude a sealed container 803, a base 804, a build plate 805, and abuild arm 806. The container 803 can be sealed via a seal 868.Optionally, the vessel 800 can include a tag (e.g., NFC tag), electroniccomponents, chemical compounds, power storage devices, a computingdevice (e.g., processor), a communication element, etc., such that thevessel 800 can be connectable to one or more other devices and share andreceive data from such devices.

The sealed container 803 can contain a photopolymer (e.g., resin) havingvarious volumes. The photopolymer can be sealed within the vessel 800until the printing process starts and/or throughout a portion of or anentirety of a printing process. In an embodiment, the sealing can beachieved using a perforable sticker 868 or a similar structure (e.g., amembrane, an elastic component), or via a geometry of the container 803and/or the build arm 806, which can be released at the start of aprinting process, e.g., by applying force downward on the build arm 806(manually or via an automated process). In some embodiments, anadditional seal can be provided between edges of the perforable sticker868 or other structure and a surface of the build arm 806 such that thephotopolymer within a chamber defined by the vessel 800 remains sealedbefore and/or during a printing process. In some embodiments, the sealednature of the container 803 can ensure that each print takes place in aclean environment, which can reduce issues with printing in environmentsincluding containments or other unfavourable conditions.

The build arm 806 can include a hollow section 845 (e.g., inner lumen orchannel) and an attachment mechanism 806 a. The attachment mechanism 806a can enable attachment of the build arm 806 to a portion of an additivemanufacturing device as described herein, such that the build arm 806 ismovable during a print process. The build arm 806 can be attached to aprint bed 805 via a mechanism 806 b. The mechanism 806 b can be designedto enable separation of the print bed 805 from the build arm 806, e.g.,after printing. In an embodiments, the mechanism 806 b can be a threadedstud or other fastening mechanism. The build arm 806 can include a fluidtransport mechanism 849 for releasing fluids from an interior of thehollow section 845 into an interior chamber of the container 803.

In some embodiments, a predefined volume of cleaning fluid (e.g.,alcohol) can be stored within the vessel 800 and/or within the build arm806 (e.g., within the hollow section 845 of the build arm 806). Forexample, as depicted in FIGS. 14A and 14B, the build arm 806 can berotated after the curing process completes, allowing a cleaning fluidstored within the hollow section 845 to be released into (e.g., pourinto) the surrounding vessel chamber. The fluid transport mechanism 849can include a valve or other controlled opening that can be used controldelivery of the cleaning fluid. Once released, the amount of cleaningfluid can be sufficient for submerging or partially submerging theprinted object within the fluid, e.g., for a predetermined period oftime. Optionally, the vessel 800 can allow air to pass through the buildarm 806 such that the cleaning fluid can be bubbled during or after theprint process, or the cleaning fluid can be carbonated prior toinstallation, e.g., at a time of manufacture, and air allowed to escapethrough the build arm 806.

In some embodiments, a fluid other than a cleaning fluid can be storedwithin the vessel 800 and/or build arm 806. For example, a second typeof photopolymer (e.g., a different color of photopolymer) can be storedwithin the hollow section 845 and be released at one or more timeperiods during a print process to adapt a color of the printed object.

The base 804 can be implemented as a membrane that is stretched tautacross a bottom of the container 803. The membrane can be a lighttransmissive material that can be separated from a print or curedphotopolymer. The material, even when stretched across the bottom of thevessel 800, can be configured to be transmissive to light or opticallyclear so light passing through is generally not distorted. A suitablematerial for the membrane can be, for example, a fluoropolymer such asFEP, which is relatively durable when compared to polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) or other materials that are used in some printing processes anddevices. While FEP is provided as a specific example of a suitablematerial, it can be appreciated that any material having thefunctionality described above can be used for the membrane.

As the membrane is optically clear, the photopolymer can be exposed tolight from the bottom side, e.g., light can enter through a bottom sideof the container 803 by passing through the membrane and contacting aportion of the photopolymer. The photopolymer that is disposed betweenan upper side of the membrane and a bottom surface of the print bed 805can be exposed to the light transmitted through the membrane and becomehardened (e.g., cured) due to photo-initiators in the photopolymer'schemical composition. This flat cured area can represent a 2D slice orlayer of a printed 3D object. For example, with reference to UV or otherspectrum light, the photopolymer can become polymerized as it isirradiated by electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength within the UVor other relevant spectrum.

Optionally, the upper side of the membrane (e.g., side of the membranethat is in contact with the photopolymer) can be coated with ahydrophobic material and or a high density optically clear fluid, e.g.,a fluid having a density greater than that of the photopolymer. Thismaterial can reduce the contact forces between the cured photopolymerand the membrane, which in turn reduces the separation force required toseparate the two. By doing so, this coating can increase the overallprint speed, e.g., since the print bed 805 may not need to be lifted ashigh to separate the cured photopolymer from the membrane. Optionally, afluid can be placed in the resin container 803 such that the fluid isdisposed between the photopolymer and the membrane surface. For example,a fluid can be selected having a density greater than that of thephotopolymer such that it sinks below the photopolymer to be positionedbetween the photopolymer and the membrane surface, or another suitablemethod for positioning a fluid between the photopolymer and the membranesurface can be used. In an embodiment where the membrane is held taut,an over moulding process can be used to hold the membrane in place.During the additive manufacturing process, as each layer of photopolymeris cured, the cured photopolymer can become attached to (e.g., suctionedonto) the membrane due to a shrinkage of the photopolymer during curing,which can create an area of low pressure beneath a cured area and, to alesser extent, van der Waals forces. After the photopolymer has cured,the print bed 805 can be lifted away from the membrane to separate thecured photopolymer from the membrane. For example, the print bed 805 canlift a sufficient distance so that the tension in the membrane is enoughto overcome the attachment force (e.g., suction or vacuum force), e.g.,by peeling. In embodiments, the membrane can be a flexible material(e.g., a material having a relatively high elastic modulus), such thatthe membrane can peel away from the cured photopolymer, and no forcesneed to be applied directly to the cured photopolymer to remove it fromthe membrane. Such can lead to a separation between the curedphotopolymer and the membrane that is less likely to cause damage to thecured photopolymer or membrane.

In embodiments described herein, the distance required by the print bed805 to separate the cured photopolymer from the membrane is measurableand quantifiable. For example, a time variable or estimate of time canbe determined based on a surface area of the printed layer. The timevariable can depend on a number of factors, including, for example, asurface area of each layer, which can change as the print progresses(e.g., based on a specific mask being used). As the surface areadecreases, the distance that the bed 805 has to lift in order toseparate from the membrane can decrease. Accordingly, with a smallerprinted layer, the lift distance can be reduced and time can be saved onparticular layers during a print process. Such variability may not beaccounted for in existing systems. In particular, while it can bedifficult to control the print bed lift and drop distance dynamicallyper layer from a software perspective, e.g., where a change in surfacearea may be difficult to determine especially if not flat, the physicalmedia of systems and methods described herein can have a predefinedsurface area per layer and carry predefined settings. Thus, systems andmethods described herein can reduce the risk that a particular layer ofphotopolymer would not separate correctly, e.g., due to an insufficientlift distance, while allowing settings for lift distance and othervariables to be predefined for each print layer, thereby enablingimprovements in print speed for any given surface area covered by aprint layer.

As the area directly between the cured and printed layer and themembrane becomes an area of low pressure, the outline of the cured layercan be viewed as a threshold region. This threshold region is where theattachment (e.g., suction) between the cured layer and membrane canbegin to separate (e.g., break). Stated differently, the separationbetween the cured photopolymer and the membrane can begin at an edge ofthe layer and work inwards as the print bed 805 is lifted and the curedlayer of photopolymer is peeled away from the membrane.

Another factor that can affect print cycle time is the tension across aface of the membrane. For example, the membrane can be configured tohave a certain tautness such that it remains flat when the weight of thephotopolymer is upon it but can flex under sufficient force withoutbeing damaged. The specific arrangement of the membrane, including thetautness of the membrane, can depend on the type, sheet size, thickness,and/or material of the membrane. While a membrane can be placed intension according to methods described herein, it is appreciated thatother methods and materials can be used.

Vessels described herein (e.g., vessel 800) can be manufactured in anumber of ways and or via a combination of methods. For example,components such as a container of the vessel can be blow moulded andother components such as the build arm can be injection moulded andinstalled. The membrane can be attached by over moulding or by otherprocesses, e.g., installing a sleeve 870 (FIG. 13B) which can, forexample, be made of silicon. The sleeve 870 can protrude around and/orextend along a portion of the side wall(s) of the container 803, and beused to hold the membrane in place. The sleeve 870 can be held in placewith a bonding agent or any appreciable material or mechanism capable ofadhering the sleeve 870 to the housing of the vessel 800.

In some embodiments, one or more components of vessels described herein(e.g., vessel 800) can be pre-installed, e.g., installed at a time ofmanufacturing and prior to use of the vessel. For example, thephotopolymer can be pre-installed in the vessel, which can reduce a riskof exposure of a user to the liquid photopolymer, which can haveproperties that present issues when in contact with skin. Additionallyor alternatively, the cleaning fluid can be pre-installed in the vessel.Typically, printed objects formed using 3D printing processes arecleaned prior to being touched by a user. Having the cleaning fluid inthe vessel can reduce user contact with uncured photopolymer and/orensure that the printed part is cleaned with a sufficient amount ofcleaning fluid, reducing the need for a user to have knowledge of howmuch cleaning fluid to use. Having the cleaning fluid pre-installed alsoincreases the usability of systems and devices described herein inenvironments where cleaning fluid may not be readily available.Additionally or alternatively, the build plate can be pre-installed inthe vessel. In some embodiments, the build plate can incorporatemechanisms, such as, for example, NFC tags, which can be used to carrydata associated with the print. When a photopolymer and the build plateare pre-installed or provided together within a vessel, the print bedcan also be made from a material suitable for adhesion of a givenphotopolymer.

In some embodiments, vessels described herein (e.g., vessel 800) can beused as a protective enclosure, e.g., for displaying a finished print.

In some embodiments, vessels described herein (e.g., vessel 800) orcertain components of such vessels can be configured as disposablecomponents, which can reduce user maintenance of those componentsbetween prints.

In some embodiments, additive manufacturing devices described herein canbe used with a mask carrier containing a single mask or a SPMSD, e.g.,as shown in FIGS. 15-16 , as an addition to or as an alternative to aPSMD containing a plurality or reel of masks. As depicted in FIG. 15 ,an example additive manufacturing device 900 can include a mask carrierimplemented as a SPMSD 930. The manufacturing device 900 can includecomponents that are structurally and/or functionally similar to othermanufacturing devices described herein (e.g., manufacturing devices 100,200, 300, 400). The manufacturing device 900 can include a supportstructure or housing 910, a linear guide 912, a build arm 906, a vessel903, and a user interface 950.

The vessel 903 can contain a photopolymer and a print bed (not depicted)upon which layers of an object can be printed. The SPMSD 930 can includea housing that supports an individual mask. That individual mask can beused to cure one or more layers of an object on the print bed. The SPMSD930 can be inserted into the manufacturing device 900, e.g., along aslot. Once inserted into the slot, the SPMSD 930 can align with a light(not depicted) and a bottom surface (e.g., a transparent base) of thevessel 903. To facilitate with this alignment, the slot and the SPMSD930 can include one or more mating features 932, 934 that mate with oneanother to set the proper positioning of the SPMSD 930 in themanufacturing device 900.

The user interface 950 can include a number of input elements 952 (e.g.,buttons) that allow a user to input a function that the user desires themanufacturing device to perform. For example, the user interface 950 caninclude a “Print” button that, when pressed by a user, initiates aprinting process whereby an object is printed using the manufacturingdevice 900. As another example, the user interface 950 can include a“Clean” or “Wash” button that, when pressed by a user, initiates acleaning process whereby a cleaning agent is released into the vessel903 and a printed object can be submerged in for a period of time. Theuser interface 950 can also include other input elements for otheroperations, e.g., a reset button for resetting one or more components ofthe device to various start positions, a keypad or touchscreen forinputting various parameters of a print, etc.

In some embodiments, the manufacturing device 900 can be programmed toreceive a mask and print a certain number of layers of an object beforepausing the print operation and waiting for a user (or another device)to exchange the mask with a different mask. Similar to other masksdescribed herein, the masks used with the manufacturing device 900 canbe configured to control where light is transmitted and thereby definethe layers of an object being printed. In some embodiments, a mask (or auser) can provide information regarding a number of layers to print withthat mask before exchanging it with a different mask. In someembodiments, the user can select the number of layers to print with anygiven mask via an input device (e.g., user interface 950), which caninclude a rotary switch, a touch screen, or other similar apparatus. Theinput device can be operatively coupled to the manufacturing device 900and/or integrated into the manufacturing device 900.

In some embodiments, a mask can be an image printed (e.g., in black andwhite) on a material that is light transmissive, such as paper orcertain plastics. In other embodiments, a mask can include cut-outs oretching in a non-transmissive material, such as a cellulose material(e.g., wood) or non-transparent plastic or polymer sheet. FIG. 17depicts several examples of masks 1101, 1201, 1301, 1401, includingmasks formed of different substrates (e.g., wood, plastic, metal, etc.).Mask 1101 is a formed of a transmissive material (e.g., a paper orplastic) with non-transmissive ink printed on the material to form apattern 1111. Mask 1201 is formed of a non-transmissive material (e.g.,a paper or plastic) with cut-outs that form a pattern 1211. Mask 1301 isformed of a transmissive material (e.g., a plastic or other polymer)with a region that is etched or covered with an additional layer ofmaterial for producing a pattern 1311. And mask 1401 is formed of anon-transmissive cellulose material that includes a cut-out that forms apattern 1411. Each of these masks 1101, 1201, 1301, 1401 can bestandalone masks that can be used with or without a SPMSD (e.g., SPMSD930) in a printing process with manufacturing devices described herein.For example, the masks 1101, 1201, 1301, 1401 can be placed individuallyin a space between a light source and a vessel to alter the pattern oflight that passes through from the light source to the vessel to curethe photopolymer within the vessel.

FIG. 16 depicts an example of a SPMSD 1030, including a protectivehousing 1031, a window 1036, a slot or opening 1032 for receiving amask, and a notch 1034 for facilitating removal of a mask from the slot1032. The SPMSD 1030 can be used with the manufacturing devicesdescribed herein (e.g., manufacturing device 900) to print a 3D object.The window 1036 can be designed to expose the mask such that a portionof light can travel through the mask and into a vessel containing aphotopolymer. The notch 1034 can facilitate exchange of masks, e.g.,during or between print processes.

FIG. 18 depicts an example manufacturing device 1500, according toembodiments described herein. The manufacturing device 1500 can includecomponents that are structurally and/or functionally similar to those ofother manufacturing devices described herein (e.g., manufacturingdevices 100, 200, 300, 400). The manufacturing device 1500 can include asupport structure or housing 1510, a linear guide 1512, a build arm1506, a vessel 1503, a mask carrier implemented as a SPMSD 1530, and auser interface 1550 including input elements 1552. Unlike the vessel 903of the manufacturing device 900 (see FIG. 15 ), which has a circularcross-sectional shape, the vessel 1503 of the manufacturing device 1500can have a square or rectangular cross-sectional shape. The differentshapes of the vessels 903, 1503 can be used to accommodate differentsized and/or shaped objects being printed.

FIG. 19 depicts an example manufacturing device 1600, according toembodiments described herein. The manufacturing device 1600 can includecomponents that are structurally and/or functionally similar to those ofother manufacturing devices described herein (e.g., manufacturingdevices 100, 200, 300, 400). The manufacturing device 1600 can include asupport structure or housing 1610, a linear guide 1612, a build arm1606, a vessel 1603, a mask carrier implemented as a PMSD 1630 (e.g.,including a reel or plurality of masks), and a user interface 1650. Thevessel 1603 of the manufacturing device 1600 can have a circularcross-sectional shape.

FIG. 20 depicts an example manufacturing device 1700, according toembodiments described herein. The manufacturing device 1700 can includecomponents that are structurally and/or functionally similar to those ofother manufacturing devices described herein (e.g., manufacturingdevices 100, 200, 300, 400). The manufacturing device 1700 can include asupport structure or housing 1710, a linear guide 1712, a build arm1706, a vessel 1703, a mask carrier implemented as a PMSD 1730 (e.g.,including a reel or plurality of masks), and a user interface 1750. Thevessel 1703 of the manufacturing device 1700 can have a square orrectangular cross-sectional shape.

FIGS. 21A and 21B depict an example additive manufacturing device 1800,according to embodiments herein. The manufacturing device 1800 can bescaled for industrial use, e.g., by including multiple reels of masks1830 a, 1830 b, 1830 c (e.g., sets of masks) and/or larger reels ormasks. The manufacturing device 1800 can include components that arestructurally and/or functionally similar to those of other manufacturingdevices described herein (e.g., manufacturing devices 100, 200, 300,400). The manufacturing device 1800 can include a vessel 1803 that canbe integrated with or coupled to one or more axels upon which portionsof the reels of masks 1830 a, 1830 b, 1830 c can be wound and storedwhen not in use. The vessel 1803 can contain a liquid photopolymer 1820.The manufacturing device 1800 can include a build plate 1805 that isdisposable within a chamber of the vessel 1803. The manufacturing devicecan include one or more light source(s) 1802. The manufacturing device1800 can be scaled for industrial use while maintaining resolutioncomparable to other manufacturing devices described herein.

FIG. 22 is a top view of an example mask 1901 including a cut-out 1911.The mask 1901 can be formed of a non-transmissive material, such as, forexample, a black paper. The cut-out 1911 can be the portion of the mask1901 that enable transmission of light and, together with thenon-transmissive surroundings, defines a pattern for printing a 3Dobject. FIGS. 23A and 23B are images of a print bed 1905 with an object1960 printed using the mask 1901 depicted in FIG. 22 . As depicted, theobject 1960 can have a shape that corresponds to the cut-out 1911, and aheight that is the combined height of a predetermined number of layersof cured polymer printed using the mask 1901.

FIG. 24 depicts an example light source 2802 that can be used withadditive manufacturing devices, as described herein. The light source2802 can be a LED light source that uses about 10 Watts and can bechosen to emit light at a wavelength of between about 355 nm and about395 nm. The light source 2802 can be configured to cure a 0.05 mm thicklayer of photopolymer with an area equal to a top surface area 2803 ofthe light source 2802 in about 5 milliseconds, when the light source2802 is less than 10 mm from the photopolymer and the pathway isgenerally light transmissive (e.g., greater than 60% of relevantwavelength transmission). In an embodiment, this top surface area 2803can be approximately 10 mm by 10 mm.

Table 2 provides the times taken for an LED light source, such as theLED light source described above with reference to FIG. 24 , to cure a10 by 10 by 0.05 mm volume of photopolymer (i.e., a layer ofphotopolymer with a height of about 0.05 mm and later dimensions ofabout 10 by 10 mm), with different types of masks and at a distance ofabout 10 mm from the photopolymer.

TABLE 2 Pattern method Cure time Open physical mask(cut-out mask) 5milliseconds Bleached Paper physical mask 500 milliseconds Transparentpolymer physical mask 5-10 milliseconds Digital LCD 2 seconds

With thinner paper substrates, cure time also decreased. Polymersubstrate masks also performed similarly to open masks with cure timesof between 5-10 milliseconds.

While the examples above are described with reference to a LED lightsource, systems and devices described herein can also be used with aliquid crystal display (LCD) pattern and light source that can be usedto form a digital image. But when the LED systems and LCD systems arecompared, the cure rate of a LED light source with a physical mask issignificantly faster than a LCD light source that forms a digital imageat equal distances. This can generally result from a LCD being designedto block the majority of the relevant wavelengths of light required tocure common photopolymers (e.g., wavelengths that initiate within the UVspectrum). For example, with a 10 by 10 by 0.05 mm volume ofphotopolymer, where a LED light source and an open physical mask wouldtake 5 milliseconds, or where a LED light source and a paper substratemask would take 500 milliseconds, a LCD system (specifically, one withthe LCD 2902 depicted in FIG. 52 ) took approximately 2 seconds or more.Accordingly, a LCD system takes approximately 400 times longer than aLED light with an open mask and about 4 time longer than a LED lightwith a paper substrate mask to cure the same amount of photopolymer.LCDs are also more susceptible to thermal damage than a physical mask,and therefore the power and/or the distance of the light source in LCDsystems are limited by the characteristics of the LCD when compared to aphysical mask. As such, usage of an LCD pattern to cure a photopolymerunder normal usage conditions may take longer, e.g., between about 6 toabout 35 seconds.

While LCD systems generally take longer to cure a photopolymer, systemsand devices described herein can be used with such digital patterns,e.g., in addition to or as an alternative to physical masking, tofurther expand the usage adaptability of systems and devices describedherein. For example, as a LCD is digital, it can display patterns whenconnected to suitable electronics. It therefore may be desirable to usean LCD pattern device within the printer for the purposes of testing orprototyping physical masks before committing to producing such physicalmasks for long term usage and higher performance. For example, the LCDcan be placed within an additive manufacturing device alongside a LEDlight source to test one or more patterns before preparing one or morephysical masks. To reduce variability between LCD and LED performance,and for the purposes of prototyping, the LCD light source can bedesigned to have equal surface area as an LED light source; however,such is not required as a LCD can be programmed to display variations insize of an image. In some embodiments, LCD systems can be used toperform printing of portions of an object that have not been committedto one or more physical masks. In operation, a LCD system includes alight source that is used to create a pattern in an optical light paththat traverses through the LCD, though a transparent base of a vessel,and ultimately striking the photopolymer, with the difference from aphysical masking being that the pattern displayed is controlleddigitally by the LCD system.

FIG. 25 depicts a number of example LCDs for use with an additivemanufacturing device. Such LCDs can be positioned within a supportstructure of an additive manufacturing device and/or carried in a maskcarrier. LCDs 2902 and 3102 are examples of thin-film transistor liquidcrystal arrays and LCD 3002 is a basic graphic liquid crystal display,which can be less costly than the LCDs 2902 and 3102 but also have lowerresolution.

FIG. 26 depicts an example light source 3202 implemented as an array ofLEDs 3211. The light source 3202 can include LEDs 3211 that cover asurface area sized for curing a desired area of photopolymer. The LEDs3211 can be disposed on a top surface of a housing 3212. Detail B asdepicted in FIG. 26 provides a closer view of a region B of the lightsource 3202, showing a distance 3213 (e.g., pitch) between the centers3214 of adjacent LEDs 3211. FIG. 26 also depicts a cross-sectional viewof a LED 3211, showing an angle 3215 of emission of light from the LED3211.

In some embodiments, the array of LEDs 3211 can be a configurable arrayof LEDs, which can be used with or without physical masking (e.g., suchas any of the physical masks described herein). For example, the maskingof light can be controlled digitally, e.g., by selectively emittinglight from LEDs at predefined positions in the array without using aphysical mask, or by using a physical mask that blocks lighttransmission from one or more LEDs of the array of LEDs. Each LED 3211can be configured to emit a wavelength of light that is suitable forcuring a photopolymer. For example, for many type of photopolymers, thewavelength of light that can be used to cure the photopolymers can bebetween about 355 nm and about 395 nm, as these wavelengths are the onesthat correspond to the initiation wavelengths of the photo-initiators ofthose photopolymers.

In some embodiments, the array of LEDs 3211 can include micro-lenses tocontrol light emission, diffusers to flatten the light intensity acrossthe curing plane, optical fibers, fluids (e.g., water), and/or otheroptical adjustment mechanisms.

The LEDs can have a pitch 3213 noted along one or more axes, whichrepresents to distance between the centers of adjacent LEDs. Theresolution of the array of LEDs 3211 can be based on the pitch 3212 andthe number of LEDs in the array when the LEDs 3213 are not used with aphysical mask. For example, with an array of 64-by-64 LEDs covering asurface area of approximately 21.55 by 21.55 cm (i.e., a square surfacearea with a 12 inch diagonal), and having equal pitch 3213 in both X andY axes that is approximately 3.3676 mm, the resolution of the array canbe approximately 7.54 dots per inch. As each LED 3211 can be addressedindividually, an image or pattern can be displayed by the source for thepurposes of curing a photopolymer without additional masking (e.g.,without a physical mask or with a clear mask that does not have anylight blocking pattern). In some embodiments, the resolution of such asystem can be lower than one that uses a physical mask. The 64-by-64array can have 4,096 positions that can be illuminated. When used withstatic manufacturing devices as described herein, the array of LEDs 3211can remove the need for a physical mask, a LCD, or other pattern maskingapparatus, but can also be used in addition to such alternative maskingapparatuses. Furthermore, when used without a physical mask, the lightsource 3202 may be moved by one-pitch distance along either axis toaccount for gaps in the exposure pattern when the angle of emission 3215from the light source is approximately 90 degrees. When used with aphysical mask, the light source 3202 can be configured to emit light innecessary areas (e.g., areas below transmissive portions of the mask)and not other areas, such that power consumption can be reduced.

FIG. 27 depicts the light source 3202 used with a physical mask 3201with a pattern 3221. The physical mask 3201 can be, for example, anon-transmissive material with a negative image cut-out, or atoner-printed mask (e.g., where the pattern 3221 is produced viaprinting).

FIGS. 28A-28C depict the light source 3202 used with a frame 3230 (e.g.,a mask carrier) containing no mask (e.g., no negative image orpatterning apparatus). The array of LEDs 3211 can be activated to forman LED lighting pattern 3211 a. The lighting pattern 3211 a can be usedto cure a photopolymer that can be printed on a print bed 3204. FIG. 28Bprovides a view of the lighting pattern 3211 a, and FIG. 28C provides aview of the cured pattern 3211 b of photopolymer located on the printbed 3204. As depicted, the resulting cure pattern is dependent on thelayout of the LEDs 3211 in the array and which have been activated,rather than a pattern that is present on a physical mask. The angle oflight emission 3215 and distance of the light source 3202 from thephotopolymer, as well as the array dimensions, determine the eventualpattern cured when no mask is present.

FIG. 32 depicts an example additive manufacturing device 3600 that isconfigured to use an external light source, such as, for example, solarenergy. The additive manufacturing device 3600 can include componentsthat are structurally and/or functionally similar to other additivemanufacturing devices described herein (e.g., additive manufacturingdevices 100, 200, 300, 400). The additive manufacturing device 3600 caninclude a build arm 3606, a print bed 3605, a vessel 3603 containing aphotopolymer 3620, a mask carrier 3630, and an image adjustmentmechanism 3608. The additive manufacturing device 3600 can differ fromother additive manufacturing devices described herein by beingconfigured for use with an external light source, e.g., solar energy.For example, the device 3600 can include a light guide 3602 that canreceive light emitted by an external light source (e.g., solar light) ata first location 3602 a and transmit that light to a second location3602 b within the device 3600 such that the light can be directed at thephotopolymer 3620 to print an object. In some embodiments, the firstlocation 3602 a can be adjustable such that a user can optimallyposition it relative to a light source to receive light into the lightguide 3602. The manufacturing device 3600 can include a light shutterthat can be controlled to block the light from the light guide 3602,e.g., between curing separate layers of the photopolymer. The lightshutter can be, for example, integrated into a component of themanufacturing device 3600, such as the image adjustment mechanism 3608,the light guide 3602, the mask 3630, etc. For example, the mask carrier3630 can include a physical mask that is entirely non-transmissive, or amovable cover for covering the openings of the mask carrier 3630, thatblocks light from striking the photopolymer. In some embodiments, aplurality of light guides can be used to capture light (e.g., solarlight) and direct that light at the photopolymer 3620.

FIGS. 33, 34A, and 34B depict example additive manufacturing devices forbatch production, according to embodiments disclosed herein. FIG. 33depicts an additive manufacturing device 3700 including a mash carrierimplemented as a mask reel 3730, a plurality of vessels 3703 a, 3703 b,3703 c, 3703 d containing a photopolymer, a plurality of print beds 3705a, 3705 b, 3705 c, 3705 d, and a plurality of light sources 3701 a, 3701b, 3701 c, 3701 d. The light sources 3701 a, 3701 b, 3701 c, 3701 d candirect light through the masks of the mask reel 3730 and into thephotopolymer contained in the vessels 3703 a, 3703 b, 3703 c, 3703 d,such that one or more objects 3760, 3762, 3764 can be cured within oneor more vessels 3703 a, 3703 b, 3703 c, 3703 d. The print beds 3705 a,3705 b, 3705 c, 3705 d can move within the vessels 3703 a, 3703 b, 3703c, 3703 d (e.g., in a direction away from a base of the vessels 3703 a,3703 b, 3703 c, 3703 d) so as to build the objects 3760, 3762, 3764layer-by-layer. The mask reel 3730 can store a plurality of masks thatcan be shared among the vessels 3703 a, 3703 b, 3703 c, 3703 d, printbeds 3705 a, 3705 b, 3705 c, 3705 d, and light sources 3701 a, 3701 b,3701 c, 3701 d. For example, a single mask can be moved along the reel3730 to be positioned adjacent to any one of vessels 3703 a, 3703 b,3703 c, 3703 d such that the mask can be used to control the pattern oflight that is printed into a particular vessel 3703 a, 3703 b, 3703 c,3703 d. In an embodiment, the shared mask reel 3730 can have dimensionsgreater than about 1 meter by 0.2 meters. As depicted, the objects 3760,3762, 3764 can each be at a different stage of printing (e.g., atdifferent print heights). In some embodiments, light sources 3701 a,3701 b, 3701 c, 3701 d can be reduced to a single light source thattraverses above each mask individually and/or a single light source thatcovers an entire curable surface area of each vessel 3703 a, 3703 b,3703 c, 3703 d.

FIG. 34A depicts a cross-sectional view of the additive manufacturingdevice 3700. As depicted in FIG. 34A, the mask reel 3730 can be advancedalong a direction 3750 to position the masks in position relative to thevessels 3703 a, 3703 b, 3703 c, 3703 d. FIG. 34B depicts an alternativemanufacturing device 3700′, which includes similar components as thoseof manufacturing device 3700, but with light sources 3701 a′, 3701 b′,3701 c′, 3701 d′ spanning a surface area equal to that of the print beds3705 a, 3705 b, 3705 c, 3705 d.

The additive manufacturing devices 3700, 3700′ can enable batchproduction of items via sharing of a single physical mask reel 3730between multiple 3D prints that are being printed simultaneously. Theshared mask reel 3730 can span across multiple vessels 3703 a, 3703 b,3703 c, 3703 d. In the embodiments depicted, the light sources 3701 a,3701 b, 3701 c, 3701 d, 3701 a′, 3701 b′, 3701 c′, 3701 d′ can belocated above the masks. Therefore, during printing, the print beds 3705a, 3705 b, 3705 c, 3705 d to enable printing of successive layers ofobjects. The light sources 3701 a, 3701 b, 3701 c, 3701 d, 3701 a′, 3701b′, 3701 c′, 3701 d can be similar to other light sources describedherein. For example, the light sources can be configured to emit UVlight between 355 nm and 395 nm, which is an effective wavelength forcuring most photopolymers and can minimize the size of the light sourcerequired to cure the photopolymer. Certain internal components of theadditive manufacturing device 3700, 3700′ have been omitted in FIGS. 33,34A, and 34B (e.g., internal mechanical and motion components, such asaxels for the mask reel) for illustrative purposes.

As depicted in FIGS. 33, 34A, and 34B, a first layer of an object 3764was the first to be exposed, as shown by print bed 3705 d having thelowest position relative to the other beds and subsequently beingfurther along in the print process. A first layer pattern mask that waspositioned above print bed 3705 d can then be rolled such that it alignswith the next print bed 3705 c, and can be used to cure a first layer ofthe object 3762. In some embodiments, prior to advancing the mask reel3730 such that the mask aligns with the print bed 3705 c, the print bed3705 d can raise to separate the printed layer of the object 3764 from abase of the vessel 3703 d. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the printbed 3705 d can raise to separate the printed layer of the object 3764while the mask reel 3730 is being rotated and/or while a layer of theobject 3762 is being cured in the vessel 3703 c.

Once the cure cycle is complete (and optionally the release cycle iscomplete) with respect to object 3762, the mask reel 3730 can be rotatedonce again to move the first layer pattern mask to be aligned with printbed 3705 b, and curing and releasing can be performed with respect toobject 3760. The mask reel 3730 can then be advanced to be used withvessel 3703 a and print bed 3705 a. This process can continue until thedesired object is built up on each of the print beds 3705 a, 3705 b,3705 c, 3705 d. This layout enables prints to occur in multiple vesselssimultaneously once a mask has been aligned with each of them. As batchproduction is desirable at large scales, this configuration enablesmanufacturers of objects to employ a single mask reel in multiple 3Dprints, and can avoid the cost of requiring digitally controlled lightsources.

In alternative embodiments, the additive manufacturing devices caninclude a bottom-up light source design (e.g., with the light sourcesbeing disposed below the vessels, and light being shown upwards towardthe vessels).

While four vessels 3703 a, 3703 b, 3703 c, 3703 d and associatedcomponents are depicted in FIGS. 33, 34A, and 34B, it can be appreciatedthat any number of vessels, light sources, print beds, etc. can be used,with a single mask reel being used to share masks between them.

FIGS. 29-30C are flow diagrams illustrating methods that can beperformed by an additive manufacturing device, such as any that aredescribed herein. FIG. 29 depicts an example method 3300. The method3300 can optionally include receiving a mask carrier, e.g., into anopening of an additive manufacturing device (e.g., opening 747 ofadditive manufacturing device 700), at 3302. For example, a user caninstall a mask carrier (e.g., containing a reel of masks or anindividual mask) into the additive manufacturing device for use inprinting a 3D object. In some embodiments, no mask carrier may beinstalled, e.g., because the mask carrier was pre-installed in theadditive manufacturing device, or the user is using the additivemanufacturing device without a mask carrier.

The additive manufacturing device can receive an input, e.g., fromanother device (e.g., an input device or compute device) and/or a user,at 3304. For example, the user can provide an input to the additivemanufacturing device via a user interface (e.g., user interface 150).Based on the input provided, the additive manufacturing device mayinitiate a print sequence, at 3310, initiate a wash or clean sequence,at 3330, or initiate another sequence, at 3340. For example, if theinput was a request to perform printing, then the additive manufacturingdevice may proceed to initiate a print sequence, at 3310. Alternatively,if the input was a request to perform cleaning, then the additivemanufacturing device may proceed to initiate a wash sequence, at 3330.

With the print sequence, the additive manufacturing device can identifya mask carrier (e.g., mask carrier 130) or mask (e.g., mask 101) and/orobtain information associated with the mask carrier or mask, at 3312.Optionally, in some embodiments where a mask carrier may include aplurality of masks, the additive manufacturing device can, based on theidentification and/or information obtained, position a particular maskbetween a light source and vessel for printing, at 3314. In otherembodiments, e.g., where a mask carrier includes a single mask (e.g.,such as with a SPMSD), no mask setting or positioning may be required.Optionally, the additive manufacturing device can control an imageadjustment mechanism to optically change the images that are produced bythe light source and mask, at 3316. The additive manufacturing devicecan then position a print bed (e.g., print bed 105) at a predefinedlayer height (e.g., one layer height) above a base (e.g., base 104) of avessel (e.g., vessel 103) containing a liquid print material (e.g.,photopolymer), at 3318. The additive manufacturing device can thenactivate a light source for a predetermined period of time to cure alayer of the print material, at 3320. The predetermined period of time,as described above, and be set based on an area of the print, a heightof the layer, a type of photopolymer, a type of light source, etc. Insome embodiments, the predetermined period of time can be provided in atag (e.g., NFC tag) on the mask carrier, and the additive manufacturingdevice can read that information from the tag (e.g., using a NFC tagreader). In some embodiments, the predetermined period of time can beprovided by a user, e.g., via an input device such as a user interface.In some embodiments, the predetermined period of time can be calculatedor determined by a compute device (e.g., a controller 160) of theadditive manufacturing device, e.g., using information collected by oneor more sensors of the device (e.g., information regarding the mask ormask carrier, such as a size of the pattern, etc., that is read by a NFCreader and/or captured by an image capture device). After curing thefirst layer, the additive manufacturing device can optionally raise theprint bed, if needed, to separate the print bed from a bottom surface ofthe vessel.

The additive manufacturing device can then determine whether the printis completed, at 3422. If the print is not completed (3422: NO), thenthe process can proceed back to determining whether a new mask needs tobe exchanged for the current mask, at 3314, adjusting the imageadjustment mechanism, at 3316, re-positioning the print bed, at 3318,and activating the light source, at 3320. Once the print is completed(3422: YES), then the additive manufacturing device can optionallysignal that the print is finished to a user, e.g., using a userinterface or connected device, at 3324.

Optionally, the additive manufacturing device can proceed from finishingthe print to automatically initiating a wash sequence, at 3330.Alternatively, the additive manufacturing device can end operations.Also alternatively, the additive manufacturing device can prompt a user,e.g., via a user interface, to indicate whether the user wants toperform cleaning of the printed object.

With the wash sequence, the additive manufacturing device can release acleaning agent and deliver it into the vessel where the printed objectis, e.g., using a fluid transport mechanism 140, at 3331. As describedabove, the cleaning agent can be a fluid that is held in a differentchamber from the liquid print material, and can be selectively releasedonce the print is finished to clean the printed object. For example, thecleaning agent can be held in an inner lumen of a build arm (e.g., suchas described with reference to build arm 806), which can be rotated torelease the cleaning agent into the chamber with the printed object. Theadditive manufacturing device can then lower the print bed, at 3332, tosubmerge the printed object in the cleaning agent. The additivemanufacturing device can hold the printed object for a predeterminedperiod of time within the cleaning agent, at 3334, after which theadditive manufacturing device can raise the print bed to remove theobject from the cleaning agent, at 3336. Optionally, the additivemanufacturing device can signal that the cleaning or wash is finished,e.g., using a user interface or connected device, at 3338.

FIGS. 30A-30C depict an example flow of the operation of a manufacturingdevice, according to embodiments described herein. In an embodiment, auser can connect the additive manufacturing device to a power source(e.g., plug in the device). Alternatively or additionally, the user caninstall a battery in the device and/or switch the device to a powered onstate. The user can insert a vessel (e.g., vessel 103) and/or a maskcarrier or mask (e.g., mask carrier 130 or mask 101) into respectiveorifices of the additive manufacturing device. Optionally, the user canselect the object that the user wants to print, e.g., by using a scrollwheel or similar apparatus to advance the masks, or by providing aninput to the device such that the device can rotate or wind a reel ofmasks to a position associated with the particular mask or object.

The user can instruct the device to perform a print operation (e.g., bypressing an input element such as a “play” button), which the additivemanufacturing device can detect, at 3402. In response to the detecting,the additive manufacturing device can initiate a print sequence, at3404. The additive manufacturing device can determine whether a maskcarrier (e.g., cassette, reel, etc.) has been installed, at 3406. Theadditive manufacturing device can determine whether a vessel (e.g.,disposable pod) has been installed, at 3408. If the mask carrier orvessel has not been installed, the additive manufacturing device can endor pause the printing, at 3416, or optionally send a message to theuser, e.g., indicating that a component has not been installed. In someembodiments, where the user wants to proceed without a mask, the usercan then provide an additional input to the additive manufacturingdevice to instruct the device to proceed.

After confirming that a mask carrier or mask has been installed, theadditive manufacturing device can identify the mask or obtaininformation associated with the mask, e.g., by reading a tag (e.g., NFCtag) of the mask, at 3410. If the mask is not found (e.g., in a databaseof masks), or if reading the information indicates another error withthe mask (3412: YES), the additive manufacturing device can optionallysignal an error to the user, at 3414, and/or end or pause the sequence.

The method 3400 can then proceed to set the mask carrier or maskposition, at 3424. For example, the additive manufacturing device candetermine whether a particular mask has been aligned with a light sourceand vessel for printing. In some embodiments, the device can determine aposition of a mask and/or whether a mask is aligned with a light sourcebased on sensory components (e.g., sensory components 752, 754).Additionally or alternatively, the additive manufacturing device candetermine which mask to place in position (e.g., by rotating one or moreaxels to advance the reel) based on information contained in a NFC tagor similar mechanism. Once the selected mask is in position, the devicecan lower a build arm and print bed into position, at 3426, such that afirst layer of photopolymer (e.g., a one-layer height of photopolymer)can be exposed to light. The additive manufacturing device can thenpower on a light source (e.g., LEDs) for a predefined amount of time (y)(e.g., determined based on a NFC tag or similar mechanism), at 3428.Once exposed and the layer has hardened (e.g., cured), the device canlift the build arm a predefined distance (x) such that the curedphotopolymer can peel from the base of the vessel (e.g., a membrane ofthe vessel), and then drop the printer build arm back to a positionone-layer height higher than its previous position, at 3430.

The additive manufacturing device can then determine whether the printis finished, e.g., by determining whether its layer count is equal tothe mask count contained in a NFC tag or similar mechanism, at 3432. Ifnot finished (3432: NO), then the process can repeat. Optionally, at3424, the device can rotate a reel inside the mask carrier to align asubsequent mask with the light source, and 3426-3230 can be repeated. Insome embodiments, when the current mask does not need to be exchanged,the process can repeat by proceeding directly to exposing thephotopolymer to light according to the same mask at one-layer heighthigher. This process can be repeated until an object is produced (3432:YES), and the sequence ends, at 3434, or proceeds onto a cleaningprocess, at 3440.

With cleaning, the additive manufacturing device can confirm that theprint has finished and/or that a vessel with an object has beeninstalled, at 3440. The additive manufacturing device can then initiatea wash sequence, at 3442, e.g., by release a cleaning agent. At 3444,the additive manufacturing device can move the build arm to a firstposition (e.g., a maximum print height) such that the object issubmerged in the cleaning agent. The device can hold the print bed for apredetermined period of time (e.g., about 120 seconds or greater) atthis position, at 3446. And at 3448, the additive manufacturing devicecan move the build arm to a second position (e.g., a maximum height) sothat the object can be removed from the cleaning agent, at 3448.

FIG. 31 depicts example views of an additive manufacturing device inoperation. At 3502, a user can install a mask carrier (e.g., a PMSD)into the device. The user can then press a button to initiate printing,at 3504. At 3506-3508, the device can perform its checking operations(e.g., checking for the presence of the vessel and/or mask carrier, andobtaining information regarding the print) and lower the build arm andprint bed. Once in position, the device can active a light source tocure a layer of photopolymer, at 3510. The device can then lift thebuild arm, at 3512, to separate the cured photopolymer from the vesselbottom. And depending on a number of layers that still need to be cured,the device can re-position the print bed, at 3514, and repeat one ormore steps to complete the print.

In some embodiments, objects including multiple layers with the samepattern can be printed by reusing one or more masks. For example, asdepicted in FIG. 35 , a sphere 3810 can be printed with masks totalinghalf a number of its layers, e.g., by rolling a mask reel in a firstdirection 3802 and then in a second direction 3804. As depicted, at atime A, a first mask 3803 can be used to print a layer of the sphere3810. At time B, a second mask 3809 can be used to print a layer of thesphere 3810. This second mask can represent the point in the series ofmasks at which the rotation of the mask reel reverses, e.g., to go backalong the earlier masks to print the second half of the sphere 3810.Accordingly, at a time C, the first mask 3803 can again be used to printa layer of the sphere 3810.

In some embodiments, a method or system can be provided for overlayingan augmented reality image onto a printed object. The method or systemcan be used with PMC devices or other types of printing devices. Forexample, the method or system can be incorporated into products orobjects associated with a printing process (e.g., printing of inksand/or images), and manufactured using any method of mechanisms. Themethod or system can include a predefined or known geometry (e.g., areference) and an augmented reality component provided via a computedevice, such as a smartphone or other mobile device.

Augmented reality and/or image recognition software can be used todisplay and/or animate a printing of an object, e.g., using a mobileapplication and a phone screen. For example, a user can use a phone orother compute device with a display to watch an object be printed,coloured, animated, or otherwise enhanced or modified in their hand. Themethod or system involves being able to identify the object and locatethe object in a surrounding environment (e.g., a print bed), e.g., viatags or other features incorporated into the object. For example,reference points can be manufactured into a printed object or anobject's geometry can be known (e.g., predefined) and used as areference prior to implementing the augmented reality overlay. Aprocessor executing a software program can recognise the referencepoints or receive the reference of the object's geometry, and overlay aspecific augmentation onto the object via an augmented realitycomponent.

While various embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, itis to be understood that a variety of other components and/or meansand/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining theresults and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and eachof such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scopeof the embodiments described herein. More generally, it is to beunderstood that all parameters, dimensions, materials, andconfigurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that theactual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations willdepend upon the specific application or applications for which thedisclosed teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art willrecognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routineexperimentation, many equivalents to the specific disclosed embodimentsdescribed herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoingembodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within thescope of the embodiments, appended claims and equivalents thereto;embodiments can be practiced otherwise than as specifically describedand claimed. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to eachindividual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or methoddescribed herein. In addition, any combination of two or more suchfeatures, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if suchfeatures, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are notmutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the presentdisclosure.

Various methods and/or processes outlined herein can be coded assoftware that is executable on one or more processors that employ anyone of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, suchsoftware can be written using any of a number of suitable programminglanguages and/or programming or scripting tools, and also can becompiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code thatis executed on a framework or virtual machine.

In this respect, various disclosed concepts can be embodied as anon-transitory computer readable storage medium (or multiple computerreadable storage media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppydiscs, compact discs, optical discs, magnetic tapes, flash memories,circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or othersemiconductor devices, or other non-transitory medium or tangiblecomputer storage medium) encoded with one or more programs that, whenexecuted on one or more computers or other processors, perform methodsthat implement the various embodiments of the disclosure discussedabove. The computer readable medium or media can be transportable, suchthat the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one ormore different computers/compute device and/or other processors toimplement various aspects of the present disclosure as discussed above.

The terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a general sense torefer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executableinstructions that can be employed to program a computer or otherprocessor to implement various aspects of embodiments as discussedabove. Additionally, it should be appreciated that according to oneaspect, one or more computer programs that when executed perform methodsof the present disclosure can be distributed in a modular fashionamongst a number of different compute devices/processors to implementvarious aspects of the disclosure.

Processor-executable instructions can be in many forms, such as programmodules, executed by one or more compute devices, and can includeroutines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. thatperform particular tasks or implement particular data types, and thefunctionality can be combined and/or distributed as appropriate forvarious embodiments.

Data structures can be stored in processor-readable media in a number ofsuitable forms. For simplicity of illustration, data structures may beshown to have fields that are related through location in the datastructure. Such relationships can likewise be achieved by assigningstorage for the fields with locations in a processor-readable mediumthat conveys relationship(s) between the fields. However, any suitablemechanism/tool can be used to establish a relationship betweeninformation in fields of a data structure, including through the use ofpointers, tags or other mechanisms/tools that establish relationshipbetween data elements.

Also, various concepts can be embodied as one or more methods, of whichan example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the methodcan be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments can beconstructed in which acts are performed in an order different thanillustrated, which can include performing some acts simultaneously, eventhough shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

As used herein, the terms “about” and/or “approximately” when used inconjunction with numerical values and/or ranges generally refer to thosenumerical values and/or ranges near to a recited numerical value and/orrange. In some instances, the terms “about” and “approximately” may meanwithin ±10% of the recited value. For example, in some instances, “about100 [units]” may mean within ±10% of 100 (e.g., from 90 to 110). Theterms “about” and “approximately” may be used interchangeably.

All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood tocontrol over dictionary definitions, definitions in documentsincorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the definedterms.

The use of flow diagrams is not meant to be limiting with respect to theorder of operations performed. The herein described subject mattersometimes illustrates different components contained within, orconnected with, different other components. It is to be understood thatsuch depicted architectures are illustrative examples, and that in factmany other architectures can be implemented in accordance with theteachings herein to achieve the same functionality. In a conceptualsense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionalityis effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality isachieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve aparticular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each othersuch that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective ofarchitectures or intermediate components. Likewise, any two componentsso associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or“operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality,and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewedas being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desiredfunctionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but arenot limited to physically mateable and/or physically interactingcomponents and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interactingcomponents and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactablecomponents.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein, unless clearlyindicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein, should be understood to mean“either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that areconjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in othercases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in thesame fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Otherelements can optionally be present other than the elements specificallyidentified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to thoseelements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, areference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-endedlanguage such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only(optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, toB only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet anotherembodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

As used herein, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as“and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list,“or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., theinclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a numberor list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Onlyterms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or“exactly one of,” or, when used in claims, “consisting of,” will referto the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements.In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted asindicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”)when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “onlyone of,” or “exactly one of” “Consisting essentially of,” when used inclaims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patentlaw.

As used herein, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of oneor more elements, should be understood to mean at least one elementselected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements,but not necessarily including at least one of each and every elementspecifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding anycombinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition alsoallows that elements can optionally be present other than the elementsspecifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase“at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elementsspecifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least oneof A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or,equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment,to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no Bpresent (and optionally including elements other than B); in anotherembodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, withno A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yetanother embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one,A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (andoptionally including other elements); etc.

As used herein, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,”“including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,”“composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e.,to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases“consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed orsemi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in theUnited States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures,Section 2111.03.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a light sourceconfigured to emit light; a vessel including: a chamber configured tocontain a volume of print material; and a transparent base through whichlight can be received into the chamber to cure a portion of the volumeof print material; and a set of masks defining a series of patternsassociated with layers of a three-dimensional (3D) object, the set ofmasks positionable between the light source and the transparent base tocontrol a pattern of the light that is received through the transparentbase and into the chamber, wherein each of the masks includes a paper orpolymer substrate with carbon-based ink portions and non-ink portions,the ink portions defining the series of patterns and blocking a portionof the light from the light source from passing therethrough.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the light emitted by the light source isUV light, and each of the ink portions block transmission of a portionof the UV light.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the print materialis a photopolymer configured to change to a solid when exposed to thelight received into the chamber.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a mask carrier configured to store the set of masks, the maskcarrier including a window configured to expose individual masks fromthe set of masks and positionable between the light source and thetransparent base, the mask carrier configured to position the individualmasks in the window according to a predefined sequence.
 5. The apparatusof claim 4, wherein the mask carrier includes a near field communication(NFC) tag including information associated with the set of masks, theapparatus further including a NFC tag reader configured to read the NFCtag to retrieve the information.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising: a print bed coupled to a build arm, the print bed disposablewithin the chamber and configured to extend parallel to the transparentbase of the vessel, the build arm configured to position the print bedat a plurality of positions relative to the transparent base of thevessel such that a portion of the volume of print material can be curedat each of the plurality of positions to form each layer of the 3Dobject.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein each layer of the 3D objectis formed on the transparent base, the build arm configured to move theprint bed in a direction orthogonal to the transparent base to releaseeach layer of the 3D object from the transparent base after that layerhas been formed.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vessel is asealed vessel having a top opening through which the build arm extends.9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vessel includes a rigid bodydefining a bottom opening, the transparent base being a membranestretched tautly across the opening of the rigid body.
 10. The apparatusof claim 9, wherein the membrane is formed of at least one of:fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or polypropylene (PP).
 11. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the vessel further includes a reservoirconfigured to hold a volume of cleaning fluid separate from the volumeof print material, the reservoir being selectively coupleable to thechamber to release the volume of cleaning fluid into the chamber. 12.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an image adjustmentmechanism configured to optically modify the pattern of the light. 13.The apparatus of 17, wherein the image adjustment mechanism includes: alens positionable between individual masks from the set of masks and thetransparent base; and a lens mount configured to move the lens relativeto the individual masks to optically modify the pattern of light.
 14. Anapparatus, comprising: a light source configured to emit light; a vesselincluding: a chamber configured to contain a volume of print material;and a transparent base through which light can be received into thechamber to cure a portion of the volume of print material; a set ofmasks substrate with carbon-based ink portions and non-ink portions, theink portions defining a series of patterns associated with layers of athree-dimensional (3D) object, the set of masks positionable between thelight source and the transparent base to control a pattern of the lightthat is received through the transparent base and into the chamber; andwherein the light emitted by the light source is ultraviolet (UV) light,and the set of masks includes a substrate with etched areas that aretransmissive to UV light and nonetched areas that block UV light.
 15. Anapparatus, comprising: a light source configured to emit light; a vesselincluding: a chamber configured to contain a volume of print material;and a transparent base through which light can be received into thechamber to cure a portion of the volume of print material; a set ofmasks defining a series of patterns associated with layers of athree-dimensional (3D) object, the set of masks positionable between thelight source and the transparent base to control a pattern of the lightthat is received through the transparent base and into the chamber;wherein the vessel further includes a reservoir configured to hold avolume of cleaning fluid separate from the volume of print material, thereservoir being selectively coupleable to the chamber to release thevolume of cleaning fluid into the chamber; a mask carrier configured tostore the set of masks, the mask carrier including a window configuredto expose individual masks from the set of masks and positionablebetween the light source and the transparent base, the mask carrierconfigured to position the individual masks in the window according to apredefined sequence; wherein the mask carrier includes a near fieldcommunication (NFC) tag including information associated with the set ofmasks, the apparatus further including a NFC tag reader configured toread the NFC tag to retrieve the information; and wherein theinformation associated with the set of masks includes at least one of: anumber of masks in the set of masks, a height of each layer of the 3Dobject, a light exposure time required to form each layer of the 3Dobject, a distance between adjacent masks from the set of masks, or asize of each of the set of masks.
 16. An apparatus comprising: a lightsource configured to emit light; a vessel including: a chamberconfigured to contain a volume of print material; and a transparent basethrough which light can be received into the chamber to cure a portionof the volume of print material; a set of masks defining a series ofpatterns associated with layers of a three-dimensional (3D) object, theset of masks positionable between the light source and the transparentbase to control a pattern of the light that is received through thetransparent base and into the chamber, wherein each of the masksincludes a paper or polymer substrate with ink portions and non-inkportions, the ink portions defining the series of patterns and blockinga portion of the light from the light source from passing therethrough;a mask carrier configured to store the set of masks, the mask carrierincluding a window configured to expose individual masks from the set ofmasks and positionable between the light source and the transparentbase, the mask carrier configured to position the individual masks inthe window according to a predefined sequence; and a support structureincluding: a slot configured to receive a portion of the mask carrier;and a coupling mechanism configured to receive a portion of the vesseland defining an opening configured to align with the transparent base ofthe vessel, the coupling mechanism disposed above the slot such that theopening and the transparent base can be disposed above and in alignmentwith the individual masks.
 17. An apparatus, comprising: a light sourceconfigured to emit light; a vessel including: a chamber configured tocontain a volume of print material; and a transparent base through whichlight can be received into the chamber to cure a portion of the volumeof print material; a set of masks defining a series of patternsassociated with layers of a three-dimensional (3D) object, the set ofmasks positionable between the light source and the transparent base tocontrol a pattern of the light that is received through the transparentbase and into the chamber; wherein the vessel further includes areservoir configured to hold a volume of cleaning fluid separate fromthe volume of print material, the reservoir being selectively coupleableto the chamber to release the volume of cleaning fluid into the chamber;and wherein the vessel includes a build arm including an inner lumenthat functions as the reservoir, the build arm rotatable to selectivelycouple the reservoir to the chamber such that the volume of cleaningfluid can be released into the chamber.